Finding that safe space: News about domestic violence and homelessness in California — and finding opportunities to build narrative power

Finding that safe space: News about domestic violence and homelessness in California — and finding opportunities to build narrative power

Introduction

We all want to see our fellow Californians safe and stably housed. Everyone deserves a space to call home, and advocates have worked toward this goal for decades. Similarly, journalists have written an abundance of articles about the state’s housing crisis and efforts to end it. Yet a driving factor behind the crisis is going largely unreported in news coverage: domestic violence.

News coverage rarely elevates the reality that as many as 57% of all homeless women report domestic violence (DV) as the immediate cause of their homelessness,¹ or that 80% of unhoused women with children say they have experienced domestic violence, according to multiple studies.^2,3 News outlets also frequently overlook how factors like the high cost of housing, under-resourced and overcrowded shelters that fail to take into account the needs of survivors, and discrimination from landlords against DV survivors all make it difficult for women to leave abusive situations.⁴ Other systemic barriers complicating the issue but often left out of stories about housing include low wages, increased caregiving duties, and mortgage lender discrimination against women.

Some studies have also found gaps in the coverage of Black, Latine, and Indigenous groups who experience disproportionately higher rates of homelessness and DV,⁴ while over-representing their white counterparts in the news.⁵ Housing discrimination is also prevalent among trans, nonbinary, and other genderqueer adults.⁶

If we want the public and policymakers to fully understand California’s housing crisis — and how best to address it — we must look at the role that gender inequities, including domestic violence, play in fueling it. Narratives that frame these politically fraught issues as distinct and intractable can distort how the public and policymakers perceive them. To be sure, communicating about the intersections of such complex topics is challenging. Still, we know it can be done.

In the summer of 2021, for instance, the staff at LAist published a series called “Pushed Out: How Domestic Violence Became The No. 1 Cause of Women's Homelessness in L.A.,” thanks to a grant from the Blue Shield of California Foundation. The series elevated the lived experiences of Southern California women surviving abuse and homelessness, examined how social safety net failures had contributed to their situations, and shared prevention strategies from advocates.

A year later, the Gender Equity Policy Institute (GEPI) drove additional coverage of these issues when it released a report called “Gender and Housing in California: An Analysis of the Gender Impacts of California’s Housing Affordability Crisis.”⁷ Following the report’s publication, the Los Angeles Times ran an article trumpeting the report’s findings “that women, particularly women of color and single mothers, are more likely to spend more than a third of their income on housing.”⁸

The article was rich with statistics and quotes from leaders like Betsy Butler, executive director of the California Women's Law Center, who told the Times: "What can you afford if you're not getting paid what you're worth? You certainly can't afford to live in Los Angeles, let alone raise a family in a healthy manner." The article went on to discuss domestic violence specifically, noting that it “can lead to an array of financial and housing insecurity.”

The Los Angeles Times wasn’t the only outlet to cover the report. ABC 7 aired a segment about it,⁹ and the Sacramento Business Journal ran an article with a special focus on increased rent burdens among women of color.¹⁰

The trouble is that these examples are outliers. When our research team examined California-based news about housing and domestic violence, we found that only a fraction of articles discussed the connection between the issues. For every article that made that link, dozens of others did not.

To better understand how domestic violence and California’s housing crisis appear in news coverage, we examined not only the volume of coverage but also how these issues are framed, whose voices are represented, whether solutions are present, and more. We also drew insights from our findings to provide recommendations to advocates who are looking to elevate the connection between domestic abuse and housing insecurity.

Although gender-based violence and housing are both complex social issues that require nuanced approaches, breaking down silos and exposing how they intersect is an important first step toward ensuring that every Californian, no matter their gender, race, or identity, is safe and housed.

Why this project? And why now?

In 2021, Berkeley Media Studies Group (BMSG) worked with the Housing Opportunities Mean Everything (HOME) Cohort, funded by Women’s Foundation California, to identify and explore opportunities for narrative change. The HOME Cohort includes six DV agencies throughout California working to improve the safety and economic security of women in the state who are experiencing homelessness because of DV.

The HOME Cohort is committed to changing narratives about homelessness and DV — a formidable, but not insurmountable, challenge. To help them meet it, BMSG implemented a multipronged research project to assess existing messages and communication resources and synthesize the findings into a communication plan and set of tools to help the Cohort organize its communication and narrative work.

During conversations with the HOME Cohort and other DV providers, we heard considerable interest in these findings, frustration with existing news narratives, and questions about the content of the coverage and how to shift it. To address this feedback, BMSG conducted an ethnographic content analysis of English-language California news about the intersection of homelessness and DV. This report will explore the findings of that news analysis.

Why study the news?

News coverage is important because it sets the agenda for public debate and discussion. Journalists' decisions about whether to cover an issue can raise its profile or relegate it to the background, as issues not covered by the news media remain largely outside public discourse and policy debate.^11–13 News coverage also affects how we think about, perceive, and discuss the issues of the day, including, for example, whose perspectives we view as credible and valuable, which solutions are elevated or ignored, and how arguments are characterized.^14,15

When it comes to communicating about homelessness and DV, people have many different starting points for their understanding of these topics, why they matter, and what should be done to keep people safe. The way journalists communicate about these issues, then — from the words they use to the way they structure stories — can challenge or reinforce the views that people already hold about DV and homelessness. News can fuel stigma or foster new ways of understanding. It can instill hope or engender doom. News coverage can also provide an entry point and source of information for people who may not otherwise know much about these issues.

Before conducting our own news analysis, we examined existing messages and media studies about homelessness and domestic violence, but we were unable to find research exploring how both domestic violence and homelessness appear in news coverage, as most studies looked at these issues separately.

Understanding news frames: Portraits and landscapes

We know from 30+ years of analyzing news coverage of public health and social justice issues that two types of framing typically appear in the news, sometimes alone and sometimes together:

Portrait or episodic framing centers an individual person or an isolated event. In a story framed as a portrait, audiences learn a great deal about a specific situation or person, which can help to humanize an issue but can also make it challenging to garner support for systemic solutions that go beyond individual behavior change.

Landscape or thematic framing, on the other hand, centers social or institutional responsibility and describes problems or incidents within the context of the environment, systems, and structures. This helps the audience to understand root causes, see social patterns, and view issues as preventable. Such context opens the door to talk about systems and policy changes.

When we looked at existing research into news coverage of domestic violence, studies found that news about domestic violence tends to be episodic and elevate extremes: These “portrait” stories were in the news because of more lethal or fatal incidents, more so than other forms of domestic violence like financial or emotional abuse.¹⁶ Coverage rarely discussed the broader context and systems in which domestic violence occurs.¹⁷

Additionally, some researchers found that stories about domestic violence often included problematic language featuring so-called “ideal” victims — those characterized as worthy of support.^17,18 The “ideal victim” has long been a feature of reporting on various types of violence, in which reporters focus on people who are young, cisgendered, middle class, and white, and depict them as vulnerable, innocent, and blameless. On the other hand, victims of color and those with a history of drugs, sex work, or homelessness are more likely to be portrayed as blameworthy and undeserving of support — or their stories are simply absent.

With this context in mind, our researchers explored questions like:

• Does coverage that explicitly connects domestic violence and homelessness (as opposed to focusing solely on DV) engage in victim-blaming?
• Are stories framed narrowly around individual people and incidents (as portraits), or is the broader social backdrop for domestic violence and homelessness in view (in landscapes)?

What we did: Our methods

To explore connections between DV and homelessness in the news, BMSG set out to identify patterns — and opportunities — in news coverage of DV and homelessness. Specifically, we conducted an ethnographic content analysis¹⁹ of news articles from California-based print and online news sources.

What we found: What the numbers tell us

Finding: Very few articles highlighted the connection between DV and homelessness.

Domestic violence and homelessness are both issues that draw media attention, but how often does the news cover the intersection of these critical problems? We found that articles referencing homelessness (16,813 articles) appeared twice as often as articles referencing domestic violence (7,484 articles). When we looked at articles that mentioned both issues, the numbers dropped still further to just 267 articles published over the course of a year (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Volume of stories published in CA news about domestic violence, homelessness, and domestic violence and homelessness, 2022

Finding: Outlets serving urban areas were more likely to cover domestic violence and homelessness than were rural outlets.

When stories about domestic violence and homelessness did appear, they were most often published in the Los Angeles Times, Sacramento Bee, and the San Francisco Chronicle. These outlets are based in major population centers in California.

Figure 2: Publication site of stories mentioning domestic violence and homelessness, published in CA in 2022 (n=267)

What we found: Insights from story content and framing

Finding: Even when stories mentioned both domestic violence and homelessness, few substantively addressed the connection between the two issues.

The volume of coverage about domestic violence and homelessness was so small that BMSG coders were able to code all articles about housing insecurity and domestic violence without needing to draw a subsample for analysis. We focused our analysis on articles that substantively discussed the intersection of domestic violence and homelessness, a total of just 74 stories (28% of the sample).*

In articles that substantively discussed both issues, more than half (61%) included causal statements connecting domestic violence and homelessness (see Figure 3 below). A typical article noted, “women are more likely to experience domestic violence, which can lead to an array of financial and housing insecurity.”⁸ In the remaining relevant articles (38%), both domestic violence and homelessness were discussed, but the connections between the two issues were not apparent. One article about a Bakersfield shelter for unhoused people discussed plans for "the center's continuum of services [to be] streamlined and improved with the merger of the homeless and domestic violence centers into one entity."²²

*We systematically excluded stories that made only a passing mention of the issues, which made up the bulk of articles. These included crime reports in which someone happened to be described as homeless (e.g. a crime notice in which a DV survivor was referred to as homeless) or community bulletins that listed local organizations whose clients include domestic violence survivors and people experiencing homelessness.

Figure 3: Volume of stories that substantively discussed domestic violence and homelessness in California news (n=74)

Finding: Milestones in the policy process drove coverage of domestic violence and homelessness.

We wanted to know: When domestic violence and homelessness appear together in the news, why? Why that story, and why that day? Reporters commonly refer to the catalyst for a story as a “news hook.” Many factors can influence why reporters and editors select some stories and not others, from the details of a specific incident to what else competes for attention during the news cycle. We identified the news hook for each article by answering the question, “Why was this article published today?”

The news hook for 54% of relevant stories was a milestone or breakthrough in the policy process. A typical story, for example, documented the Housing Authority of Los Angeles issuing 100% of its emergency housing voucher allocation.²³ Additionally, nearly one-quarter of stories (22%) were in the news to announce the onset of a new program or a leadership transition within a program. Stories with anniversary, holiday, or seasonal news hooks accounted for 15% of the coverage including, for example, news stories about Domestic Violence Awareness Month or Child Abuse Prevention Month.

Finding: Government officials, domestic violence prevention advocates, and community members with lived experience most often spoke in the news about domestic violence and homelessness.

To understand whose perspectives are elevated in the news (and whose are obscured), we looked at which speakers were quoted in the news about domestic violence and homelessness. Government officials were most often quoted, appearing in nearly two-thirds (62%) of articles (see Figure 4), though only 20% of articles quoted an official whose role explicitly connected with domestic violence or homelessness (such as representatives from state- or county-level housing and homeless services agencies). More often, the government officials quoted in the news were elected officials whose role was not connected with either issue (42% of articles), like mayors or state senators.

Figure 4: Speakers in California news stories that substantively discussed domestic violence and homelessness published in 2022 (n=74)

Domestic violence and homelessness prevention advocates and services providers appeared in 57% of articles to illustrate the landscape around both issues by telling stories, sharing data, or discussing solutions to domestic violence and housing issues. In a speech marking the start of construction of new permanent housing, Downtown Women’s Center CEO Amy Turk stated, "COVID-19 has especially compounded the risk factors that disproportionately impact women, such as intimate partner violence and eviction.” She concluded, “We must elect a mayor willing to face this issue head on."²⁴

Advocates also authored five of the 14 opinion pieces — op-eds or letters to the editor — that appeared in the coverage. They used the space to name root causes and systemic issues and to urge leaders to pass legislation to protect DV survivors or make housing more accessible. For example, Jessica Merrill of the California Partnership to End Domestic Violence observed that “every single community has a domestic violence organization, but many lack the resources they need to be successful.” Merrill continued: “To honor the memory of Mary Wheat and all victims of domestic violence, more Californians — including legislators — need to get involved.”

More than a quarter (28%) of articles uplifted the voices of community residents, including many who identified themselves (or were identified by journalists) as having lived experience with domestic violence, with homelessness, or with both issues. For example, one DV survivor and mother in San Francisco gave details about her personal experience, describing the shelter where she was staying as giving “peace of mind. … When I walk in, I'm OK. If this wasn't here, I don't know what would happen.”²⁵ Two people in other speaker categories were also identified as having a personal experience with DV and/or homelessness, including one government representative and one lawyer.

Finding: Most articles about domestic violence and homelessness talked about solutions — and responsibility for enacting them — as well as problems.

Decades of research illustrate that news about a range of issues tends to focus on problems, rather than on what needs to happen to solve those problems.^26–29 It’s unsurprising, then, that 93% of articles named problems to be solved, most of them related to housing insecurity. A typical article noted that despite receiving a record number of federal housing vouchers in 2021, voucher holders in Orange County “have been challenged trying to find available homes in the county's competitive market, and the expiration date for the vouchers is nearing.”³⁰

Coverage of domestic violence and homelessness was different, however, in that solutions also were named in 89% of articles (Figure 5). Most of the solutions named also focused on rectifying housing insecurity issues. One story described efforts of the San Francisco Department of Homelessness and Supportive Housing, in partnership with the San Francisco Interfaith Council and Episcopal Community Services, to reinstate “the Winter Shelter Program, which strives to shield homeless people from bitter cold during the night.”³¹

Moreover, nearly every article that named solutions also named the individual, entity, or group who should be held responsible for enacting that solution (88% of all articles, Figure 6). Government officials or entities were named responsible for solutions in two-thirds of all articles. Identifying accountable parties is critical because if journalists don’t, audiences may walk away thinking issues like DV and homelessness are inevitable rather than preventable. Overall, reporters did a commendable job of underscoring the human agency behind these complex social problems. An article about a report from the Little Hoover Commission, for example, called on California leaders to "develop a comprehensive long-term intimate partner violence prevention and early intervention action plan … [because] California must integrate its anti-violence initiative into every segment of society."³²

Community organizations, such as shelters and DV resource centers, were also called on to enact solutions in more than half (54%) of all articles. On some occasions, the news spotlighted partnerships between community organizations and local government, as in an article about "a 40-bed site run by Wesley Health Centers and created through a joint effort of the city and county of Los Angeles."³³

Figure 6: Proportion of articles that named responsibility for enacting solutions in California news stories that substantively discussed domestic violence and homelessness published in 2022 (n=74)

Finding: The coverage rarely included language or framing that stigmatized or blamed survivors, but other equity-related challenges remain.

In contrast to prior research on news about domestic violence, our analysis of stories about the intersection of domestic violence and homelessness found that only four out of 74 relevant articles used language that directly or indirectly placed blame on survivors of domestic violence. In one of the few articles that included victim-blaming language, the language was included only to provide context for the launch of a domestic violence awareness campaign.

The near absence of stigmatizing language is a win for equity; however, other challenges remain, particularly related to racial equity issues, which few articles mentioned. Domestic violence and homelessness are both unquestionably issues deeply rooted in systemic racism and structural inequities: Black, Latine and Indigenous communities are disproportionately affected by homelessness,³⁴ and Black, Latine, Indigenous,³⁵ and Asian communities³⁶ experience high rates of domestic violence. However, just one in 10 stories about the intersection of these two issues made any reference to structural racism or racial inequities that connect with domestic violence and homelessness. When articles that named inequities appeared, they tended to describe data about the disproportionate rates of rent burden and homelessness experienced by Black, Latine, and immigrant communities. Only two articles cited data on the rates of domestic violence on women of color.

Additionally, though solutions were prevalent in the coverage, few articles named approaches explicitly focused on addressing racial inequities. A rare example noted that “Long Beach spent more than $3 million to support communities hurt by inequities, including five more staff positions to promote health equity, increased staff for the Office of Equity, and begun to redesign the Police Department approach to community safety.”³⁷

Summary and next steps

Domestic violence is underreported, and news coverage that connects DV and homelessness is especially rare. Our initial news sweep found that more than twice as many articles mentioned homelessness as mentioned domestic violence — and only 1% of articles mentioned both issues together. Even fewer articles substantively discussed both issues and how they are connected, further limiting news readers’ exposure to in-depth discussion of these complex intersecting issues, why they matter, and what to do about them.

Fortunately, what coverage we did find includes many strengths: For example, while rare, stories connecting domestic violence and homelessness tend to regularly feature the voices of community residents, including those who have experienced homelessness and/or DV firsthand. In addition, advocates have successfully driven or appeared in much of the coverage that there is, and calls for solutions — and shared responsibility for those solutions — were visible in many articles (although most solutions named focused exclusively on dealing with housing problems, instead of problems unique to unhoused survivors of DV).

Our findings raise important questions about how advocates can work with journalists to increase the amount of coverage about DV and homelessness while maintaining or improving the level of quality:

• What opportunities can advocates leverage to create more news?
• What would it take to help journalists — and their audiences — more fully understand the connection between housing insecurity and abuse?

Recommendations for advocates to effect narrative change

Our findings show that advocates are already doing excellent work using the media to communicate strategically about homelessness and domestic violence. However, there are opportunities to expand and amplify existing work. Of course, journalists play a large role in determining the volume and quality of content that is available to the public, but there are several ways that advocates can help journalists improve coverage.

On the following pages are a few recommendations to help advocates make the most of efforts to engage with the media:

Conclusion

Everyone deserves a safe, stable place to call home, but for far too many Californians, that basic necessity is out of reach. The state’s housing crisis persists despite robust advocacy efforts, in part because the issue is deeply intertwined with many others, including domestic violence, and those interconnections are hidden. Although DV is prevalent in California and beyond, it is woefully underreported in the news, and its role in fueling homelessness is all but absent. Expanding narratives about homelessness to include its connection to domestic violence, and vice versa, is one immediate and achievable step that advocates can take to strengthen the case for change. As we often say at BMSG, you can’t solve a problem you don’t know about, and unearthing the links between these issues is long overdue. Telling more stories that elevate the intersection of DV and homelessness can bolster and shape existing advocacy efforts to create the kind of California that we know is possible.

Acknowledgments

This report was authored by Berkeley Media Studies Group’s media researchers Kim Garcia, MPH, and Sarah Perez-Sanz, MPH; Director of Research and Associate Program Director Pamela Mejia, MPH, MS; and Strategic Communication Director, Heather Gehlert, MJ.

Many thanks to Hina Mahmood for coding assistance; to Krista Colon and Jennifer Willover of the California Partnership to End Domestic Violence for their insights, guidance, and unflagging support; and to the members of the Housing Opportunities Mean Everything (HOME) Cohort for their content expertise and thoughtful questions.

This research report was made possible through the support of the Blue Shield of California Foundation.

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