Place: The 4 Ps of marketing — selling junk food to communities of color
Thursday, July 25, 2019Drive within a few miles of a fast-food restaurant or grocery store, and a mobile message with a coupon enticing you to stop by could pop up on your phone. Whole Foods Market began using this marketing tactic in 2015, offering specials not only to mobile customers near its stores but also to customers near the stores of its competitors.1 In 2018, McDonald's employed a similar approach, partnering with the navigation app Waze to send promotions and turn-by-turn directions to travelers within range of a McDonald's billboard.2 And Burger King has used geolocation technology to send mobile coupons through its app, offering a 1-cent Whopper to any customer approaching McDonald's.3 Marketing practices such as these, known as location- or place-based marketing, to increase food sales is not new. But in today's digital age, food and beverage companies have an ever-expanding set of tools at their disposal, using geofences and other cutting-edge technology to detect nearby shoppers and send personalized ads directly to their mobile devices. Such technology now allows marketers to understand a person's entire location history — where they go and what they do every minute of the day, including what they buy in stores and online. Besides prompting privacy concerns, these and other place-based practices raise health concerns because many of the foods and beverages being marketed, such as sodas, processed snacks, and fast-food meals, are low in nutrients and high in sugars, salt, and fats. Additionally, many businesses market these items more aggressively to communities of color, which are more likely than predominantly white communities to rely on mobile devices for internet access.4 These junk foods are likely to increase disease risk or interfere with management of chronic conditions — especially in the absence of healthier food and beverage options. Meanwhile, communities of color have been the hardest hit by the current epidemic of diabetes and other nutrition-related diseases.5 Place-based marketing is just one of several ways that companies engage in target marketing, the practice of using tailored approaches to sell products to specific individuals and communities.What is target marketing?
Target marketing applies the "marketing mix" principles: product, price, place, and promotion. The "4 Ps" model is foundational to today's digital marketplace and is widely adopted by both marketing practitioners and academics. Some business experts also add other Ps, such as "personalization," to the mix. The targeted marketing of unhealthy food and beverages to communities of color is common across all four marketing mix categories, as companies have designed:- products especially for communities of color;
- prices designed to appeal to specific income groups, such as "value menus" targeting low-income neighborhoods, as communities of color are disproportionately represented within them;
- places that are saturated with unhealthy food products, due to zoning in certain communities that allows concentrations of fast-food restaurants or proliferation of outdoor advertising of unhealthy food and sugary beverages6; and
- promotions that exploit cultural images, symbolism, and language that are recognizable to communities of color to sell products or build brand loyalty.